Orientation: Jurisprudence
The paper, how Jurisprudence is tested year by year, the 13 modules, and how to prepare
Module 1What Jurisprudence Is: the Schools as a Map
Analytical, normative, historical, sociological: what each school asks and how the paper tests it
Module 2Natural Law: Classical to Finnis
Aquinas, Hobbes and Locke, Stammler, Fuller and Finnis; natural law in Indian judgments
Module 3Analytical Positivism: Bentham and Austin
Bentham's utility and codification; Austin's command, sovereign and sanction; the critics
Module 4Kelsen's Pure Theory and Hart's Concept of Law
Grundnorm and the hierarchy of norms; primary and secondary rules, the rule of recognition
Module 5Law and Morality: Hart, Fuller, Devlin and Dworkin
The Hart-Fuller debate, Fuller's eight principles, Hart-Devlin, Dworkin's principles; constitutional morality
Module 6Historical and Sociological Schools
Savigny's Volksgeist, Maine's status to contract, Ehrlich's living law, Pound's social engineering, Duguit
Module 7Realism, Critical Theories and Law as Politics
Holmes and the American realists, Scandinavian realism, CLS, feminist theory, law and economics, Habermas, Waldron
Module 8Theories of Justice
Aristotle, utilitarianism, Rawls, Nozick and Sen
Module 9Sources of Law: Legislation, Precedent and Custom
Legislation, precedent (ratio, obiter, per incuriam, Article 141), custom and its tests
Module 10Rights, Duties and Legal Personality
Theories of rights, Hohfeld's eight terms, kinds of rights; persons natural and juristic
Module 11Possession, Ownership, Property and Liability
Possession in fact and in law, ownership and its incidents, theories of property, liability
Module 12Interpretation of Statutes
Literal, golden and mischief rules, purposive reading, aids, presumptions; penal and beneficial statutes
Module 13Recent Judgments
Judgments from January 2024 to November 2026, linked to the lessons they update
Demo build. Modules run standalone; in an LMS they report completion and scores via SCORM 1.2.